Volatility rose in January, and stocks dipped into correction territory as stubbornly high inflation raised the prospects for an accelerated Fed hiking cycle.
While there were few areas to hide, short-term bonds, value stocks, and commodities outperformed longer duration bonds and higher valuation growth stocks.
Inflation hit 7.5% on a year-over-year basis, intensifying investors’ belief that the Fed has responded too slowly to economic conditions.
Fourth-quarter corporate earnings grew solidly, though some companies issued more cautious guidance for the year ahead.
Overview
Volatility, which was absent in 2021, returned in dramatic fashion in January. Global stocks, as proxied by the MSCI All Country World Index, entered official correction territory during the month, but thanks to a late-January rebound, losses narrowed to -4.9%. U.S. stocks, as measured by the S&P 500 Index, experienced the largest monthly drawdown since the start of the pandemic (-5.2%). Geopolitical concerns, continued supply-chain bottlenecks, and the imminent end of crisis-era monetary and fiscal policy support all hit during the month, leaving investors with few safe places to turn to. In fact, the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index returned -2.2% during the month.
Of all of these concerning factors, the anticipated pivot in monetary policy was perhaps the most jarring. Alarm bells first rang on January 5, when the minutes from the December Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting were released. The minutes suggested the Fed would hike rates sooner and potentially more aggressively than had previously been expected. In the ensuing weeks, markets began to adjust to the reality of potentially higher rates and lower levels of liquidity. By the end of the month, expectations were for five hikes over the course of 2022, with the first to occur in March.
This environment has been broadly bad for bonds as they have been forced to adjust to higher levels of inflation and the inevitability of rate hikes. The yield on the benchmark U.S. 10-year Treasury rose dramatically in January from 1.51% to close the month at 1.78%. The yield on the 2-year Treasury also jumped substantially from 0.75% to 1.22%. The spread between these two yields, often used as a proxy for the health of the economy, declined to just 61 basis points, the lowest level in over a year.
Behind the Curve
The January inflation reading (released on February 10) showed that the Consumer Price Index (CPI) rose to 7.5% on a year-over-year basis. Monetary policy orthodoxy suggests the Fed would normally be well into a hiking cycle by now. Rather than higher rates, however, the Fed Funds Rate is still at zero, and the Fed is actively engaged in large-scale asset purchases (quantitative easing) through March. This unusual situation is captured by the chart below, which shows the Fed Funds Rate adjusted for inflation (teal shaded area) going back to 1960. When viewed relative to the current inflation rate, the stance of monetary policy represents an astonishing outlier. As a result, investors may no longer be able to rely on the ‘Fed put’—the point at which the pain from a market decline exceeds the risks of the Fed pivoting policy back to easing. Today, inflation is clearly the larger concern, and it may be the Fed’s priority for the foreseeable future.
Earnings Update
As of Friday, February 4, roughly 60% of S&P 500 companies have reported earnings for the fourth quarter. Overall, the index is reporting higher earnings than were expected at the end of last year. Of the companies that have reported, 76% beat their analyst earnings estimates, equal to the five-year average. The estimated earnings growth rate is now 29% quarter-over-quarter and more than 45% year-over-year. If the 29% figure stands, it would mark the fourth straight quarter of at least 25% earnings growth; the last time this happened was from the fourth quarter of 2009 through the third quarter of 2010 as the economy recovered from the Global Financial Crisis. These outstanding average growth rates were mainly due to a combination of higher earnings in 2021 and an easier comparison to weaker earnings in 2020 due to COVID’s negative impact on several industries.
In contrast to the solid results of the fourth quarter, analysts decreased first-quarter earnings estimates for companies in the S&P 500 in January by 0.7%. This marked the first monthly decrease in analyst estimates since the height of the pandemic in the second quarter of 2020. At the sector level, four sectors recorded an increase in their earnings estimates for the first quarter during the first month of the quarter, led by energy (+5.9%). Seven sectors recorded a decline, led by industrials (-10.1%).
Two influential earnings announcements were Meta (formerly Facebook) and Amazon. These two stocks represented over 5% of the S&P 500 at the end of January. Meta missed on earnings by 4.4%, and the stock subsequently plummeted by over 25% the next day. The company guided 3-11% sales growth for the first quarter, suggesting a sharp deceleration in social media ad spend mainly because of Apple’s changes to its user privacy and data usage agreements, which restricted Meta from capitalizing on user data on both Facebook and Instagram. Amazon reported earnings per share of $27.75, far above the analyst consensus of $3.77. However, most of that was due to a mark-to-market of their Rivian, an electric automaker, investment following its IPO on November 10. Even after controlling for this, the company still had a solid quarter driven by 40% revenue growth in their Amazon Web Services segment. The company also announced that it will increase its Prime Membership fees by over 15%, sending the stock higher by 12% after dropping 8% the day prior due to Meta's weak earnings release. The price hike by Amazon and favorable market reaction highlights a critical issue for companies this year—some will be able to successfully pass higher prices along to their customers, but it will not go this smoothly for everyone.
Looking Forward
We continue to believe that incoming inflation data will determine the path of monetary policy. We also believe the trajectory of interest rate hikes and balance sheet runoff, if pursued, will be crucial in determining the path of risky assets, such as equities. Further, because inflation is so elevated, we believe the “Fed put” may be meaningfully below current prices for many risky investments.
Disclosures
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